Barch MJ, Knutsen T, Spurbeck JL (1997) The AGT Cytoge netics Laboratory Manual. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams and

Wilkins, Philadelphia. Bianchi I, Lleo A, Gershwin ME, Invernizzi P (2012) The X chromosome and immune associated genes. J Autoimmun

38:J187-J192. Bondy CA, Turner Syndrome Study Group (2007) Care of girls

and women with Turner syndrome: a guideline of the Turner

Syndrome Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:10-25. Borgstrom B, Hreinsson J, et al. (2009) Fertility preservation in girls with Turner syndrome: prognostic signs of the presence

of ovarian follicles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:74-80.

Coto E, Toral JF, Menendez MJ, et al. (1995) PCR-based study

of the presence of Y-chromosome sequences in patients with

Ullrich-Turner syndrome. Am J Med Genet 3:393-396.

Davenport ML (2010) Approach to the Patient with Turner Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:1487-1495. Ford CE, Jones KW, et al. (1959) A sex-chromosome anomaly

in a case of gonadal dysgenesis (Turner's syndrome). Lancet 1:711-713.

Gravholt CH, Fedder J, Naeraa RW, et al. (2000) Occurrence of gonadoblastoma in females with Turner syndrome and Y chromosome material: a population study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 9:3199-202. 

Kavoussi SK, Fisseha S, et al. (2008) Oocyte cryopreservation in a woman with mosaic Turner syndrome: a case report. J Reprod Med 53:223-226. 

Li Z, Haines CJ, Han Y (2008) Micro-deletions of the human Y chromosome and their relationship with male infertility. J Genet Genomics 35:193-199. 

Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods 25:402-408. 

Mangs A, Morris BJ (2007) The human pseudoautosomal region (PAR): origin, function and future. Curr Genomics 8: 129-136. 

Massa G, Verlinde F, et al. (2005) Trends in age at diagnosis of Turner syndrome. Arch Dis Child 90:267-268.

Mendes JR, Strufaldi MW, Delcelo R, et al. (1999) Y-chro mosome identification by PCR and gonadal histopathology in Turner's syndrome without overt Y-mosaicism. Clin Endocrinol 1:19-26. 

Osipova GR, Karmanov ME, Kozlova SI, et al. (1998) PCR detection of Y-specific sequences in patients with Ullrich-

Turner syndrome: clinical implications and limitations. Am J Med Genet 76:283-287. 

Pinsker JE (2012) Clinical review: Turner syndrome: updating the paradigm of clinical care. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:E994-E1003. Ranke MB, Saenger P (2001) Turner's syndrome. Lancet 358: 309-314. Rocha MN, Longui CA, et al. (2010) Applicability of real-time PCR methodology in the neonatal detection of Turner syn drome. Horm Metab Res 42:677-681.

Stochholm K, Juul S, et al. (2006) Prevalence, incidence, di agnostic delay, and mortality in Turner syndrome. J Clin

Endocrinol Metab 91:3897-3902. Sybert VP, McCauley E (2004) Turner's syndrome. N Engl J Med 351:1227-1238.

Wiedemann HR, Glatzl J (1991) Follow-up of Ullrich's original

patient with ‘‘Ullrich-Turner'' syndrome. Am J Med Genet 41:134-136.

Zhong Q, Layman LC (2012) Genetic considerations in the

patient with Turner syndrome—45,X with or without mosa icism. Fertil Steril 98:775-779.

Address correspondence to:

Marisol Ibarra-Ramı´rez, MD

Departamento de Gene´tica Hospital Universitario ‘‘Dr. Jose´ Eleuterio Gonza´lez''

Universidad Autońoma de Nuevo Leoń

Av. Gonzalitos s/n

Colonia Mitras Centro

Monterrey, NL 64460

Me´xico

E-mail: m.ibarrar25@gmail.com